Showing posts sorted by relevance for query mind works model. Sort by date Show all posts
Showing posts sorted by relevance for query mind works model. Sort by date Show all posts

Monday, November 8, 2010

How the Mind Works -A Model Based on Buddhist Texts



Figure 1 (A new mind works model #3)


Figure 2 (A new mind works model #4)



This is a revised version of the model of the mind works model (Figure 1). I have added a few more items to original version of the mind works model. White arrows and lines are the activity of the mind in the present life. Yellow arrows and lines are the activities in the future life. Pink dotted arrows are proposed activity which I have not yet read in sutta and are to be confirmed.

This is how it works:
Through the six senses we communicate and connect with things around us. In fact this is our whole "World". When an eye (blue) meets and an object (red) eye-consciousness (purple) arises (Figure 1). With the union of these three, eye contact arises which is shown in green. The exact same process occurs in the other five senses too. The sense is in shown blue and the sensory stimuli are shown in red and the respective consciousness is shown in purple. Sense consciousness from eye, ear,nose, tongue, body end up in the mind as a mental object. The individual six contacts (eye-contact, ear-contact...) here is shown as one common contact of the to make the model less complex. With contact feeling, perception and mental formations arises (all shown in orange). It is the change in the contact changes our feelings, perceptions and mental formations (thoughts). Here again the feelings, perceptions and mental formation are also shown as one common feeling, perception and metal formation for the purpose of this model. However individual feelings perceptions and mental formations happen at each sensory level. For xeample, eye-contact-feeling, ear- contact-feeling and so on.

Mental formations will give rise to applied and sustained thoughts. They may also give rise to mental proliferation (conceptual proliferation) of the thoughts about the past present and the future. This is a feedback loop back into the mind as mind objects so it can continue as a vicious cycle. There are also thoughts that can be retrieved from memory in mind consciousness back into the mind. Mind consciousness may leave imprints of your past memory as sort of "auto save copy" in memory of your computer. The past memory in turn can influence your feelings, perceptions and thoughts. It is also important to note that consciousness is present in each of them (for cognition of these) as contact which gave rise to feeling, perception and mental formations has consciousness included in it. See the post consciousness grows like a tree.


With unwise attention the accumulated craving (red) arises, the main bait being feeling. It is important note that craving arises at all these six senses too although in the model it is shown as one common craving. From craving clinging arises (dark orange). The main form of clingining generated here is the clinging for sensual pleasures. Other three forms of clinging (see the link in clinging) will arise as thoughts starts to generate. From clinging becoming (purple) arises. Becoming is the resultant karma formation for the future birth (pink). The main cause for kamma is volition as a part of mental formation. Volition also leads to bodily (purple oval) and verbal(blue oval) action and leads to more kamma formation for resultant future birth (pink). Kamma also generates at the level of clinging when thoughts arises about the four types of clinging.


When the present body dies the rebirth consciousness (sometimes called "the stream of consciousness") descends into a fertile mother after sexual union and birth arises. Name-and-form (not shown here but discussed elsewhere) has to be present with the rebirth consciousness for the further development of the fetus. Birth is defined as appearance of five aggregates (form, feeling, perception, mental formations, consciousness) and acquisition of six senses and all are seen in the mind works model (Figure 1). Then birth once again go through the same as present mind works model ending with old age, sickness and death. This model indicates that not seeing how the six senses work, we recycle ourselves in the samsara.

This process is self sustained as long as there are nutriments for the body (form) and the mind. This are the nutriments for the maintenance of beings and for those seeking a new existence. If you investigate this process deeply you will realize there is no actual person or being controlling this entire process. For example you can contemplate as this body not "mine", not "me" and not "myself". The same applies to your feelings, perceptions, mental formations and consciousness. From this model you can clearly see It is a just a process or chain of self sustained events fueled by nutriments.

Please note that the twelve step conventional Dependent Origination formula is not used here. This model starts with the six senses as we experience the world right now, for example as you read this blog right now. Apply this model to your mind and test this out as a practical exercise. For example when your eyes meet this post, eye consciousness will arise. From that eye contact will arise. From that feeling about the post, pleasant (nice post), unpleasant (I hate this post), or neutral (whatever) will arise. Then your perception about it and your mental formations (thoughts) and so on. You can work out the rest from the model from here following the flow diagram (Figure 1).

Now how do we get out from the relentless cycle of rebirth ?
The Figure 2 shows the possible points of action that can be applied to this model. The Foundations of Mindfulness: (Satipatthana Sutta), the contemplation of the body (kayanupassana), feeling (vedananupassana), mind (cittanupassana), and mental objects (dhammanupassana) which is shown in yellow bubbles in the flow chart (Figure 2), is the training that will enable us to see things clearly. With wise attention (Yoniso manasikara), we can now contemplate onThe Three Characteristics (ti-lakkha.na), Impermanence (Anicca), Suffering or Unsatisfactoriness (dukkha) and Not-self or Insubstantiality (anattaa) and this is the is final common pathway of contemplation of insight. The craving is completely destroyed by by insight or vipassana meditation.

You are welcome to post any comments to further improve this model. As I said in my preliminary model I may further modify this model as I go on examining more sutta. For the moment at least I have a basic model that will help me as an anchor and to examine Dhamma more deeply. Hope it will be useful to you too in some way.

Friday, November 5, 2010

Why do people live in hostility, violence, rivalry and ill will?

Figure 1


Figure 2 (Model #1)

Figure 3 (Model #2)

Figure 4 ( A new proposed Model)



This is a another sutta which talks about mental proliferation and I decided to explore this and relate this to my mind woks model.

Sakka, came and asked Buddha some important questions. At the beginning they look like worldly questions but later he gets deeper into the workings of the mind. I made a flow chart (Figure 1) to summarize the first part of the sutta that pertains to craving, perception, mental proliferation and how to stop unskilful mental proliferation and perception. I will try to apply this to the mind works model and see if the model is compatible with this sutta.

Also please note that I have used the word craving instead of desire, mental formations instead of thinking and mental proliferation instead of categories of objectification (papañca.) in the flow chart compared to the sutta for easy comparison of terms. I also plan to confirm these terms with the original Pali sutta.

Points to note in this sutta are:

1. Carving can be a cause of mental formations. This is some new information not found in the mind works model. (I also think mental formations and perceptions can also positively influence craving, just like feeling does and should be included in the flow chart. However we all know that feeling is regarded as the main bait for craving and this is often cited in suttas that deals mainly with dependent origination). Also if craving can influence mental formations, it is possible that craving can change our perception. For example the famous quote "we see what we only want (crave) to see." I therefore have now proposed a new version of mind works model. (Figure 4).

2. Mental formations results from perception as said in the Madhupindika Sutta: The Ball of Honey and this is compatible with the mind works (Figure 2, Figure 4).

3. Mental proliferations too here is regarded as result of mental formations and is also compatible with the mind works model (Figure 2, Figure 4).

4. To stop unskillful mental proliferations and perception, wise attention to all three types feelings (pleasant, unpleasant and neutral) should be applied. Here what one should be pursue the activities that produce the pleasant, unpleasant or neutral feelings that should decline the unskillful mental qualities and increase the skillful mental qualities. Example of pleasant activity that would increase skillful mental qualities would be contemplation of the feeling as in the The Foundations of Mindfulness: Satipatthana Sutta/attainment of Jhanas (higher mental absorptions) or insight meditation or vipassana where you contemplate three characteristics (Three Basic Facts of Existence), impermanence, suffering and not -self. This again is compatible with the mind works model #2 (Figure 3).



To read the full sutta:
Sakka-pañha Sutta: Sakka's Questions
(excerpt)
translated from the Pali by
Thanissaro Bhikkhu


Also read: Categories of unwise attention (see MN 2)

Thursday, November 11, 2010

What is the cause unhappiness or suffering? It is all about craving.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3


In Maha-satipatthana Sutta: Great Discourse on the Four Foundations of Mindfulness Buddha very clearly states where craving arises and is abandoned.

1. Where does craving arise?

"Where does this craving, when arising, arise? And where, when dwelling, does it dwell? Whatever is endearing & alluring in terms of the world: that is where this craving, when arising, arises. That is where, when dwelling, it dwells.

"And what is endearing & alluring in terms of the world? The eye is endearing & alluring in terms of the world. That is where this craving, when arising, arises. That is where, when dwelling, it dwells.

"The ear... The nose... The tongue... The body... The intellect...

"Forms... Sounds... Smells... Tastes... Tactile sensations... Ideas...

"Eye-consciousness... Ear-consciousness... Nose-consciousness... Tongue-consciousness... Body-consciousness... Intellect-consciousness...

"Eye-contact... Ear-contact... Nose-contact... Tongue-contact... Body-contact... Intellect-contact...

"Feeling born of eye-contact... Feeling born of ear-contact... Feeling born of nose-contact... Feeling born of tongue-contact... Feeling born of body-contact... Feeling born of intellect-contact...

"Perception of forms... Perception of sounds... Perception of smells... Perception of tastes... Perception of tactile sensations... Perception of ideas...

"Intention for forms... Intention for sounds... Intention for smells... Intention for tastes... Intention for tactile sensations... Intention for ideas...

"Craving for forms... Craving for sounds... Craving for smells... Craving for tastes... Craving for tactile sensations... Craving for ideas...

"Thought directed* at forms... Thought directed at sounds... Thought directed at smells... Thought directed at tastes... Thought directed at tactile sensations... Thought directed at ideas...

"Evaluation** of forms... Evaluation of sounds... Evaluation of smells... Evaluation of tastes... Evaluation of tactile sensations... Evaluation of ideas is endearing & alluring in terms of the world. That is where this craving, when arising, arises. That is where, when dwelling, it dwells.

"This is called the noble truth of the origination of stress.

Eye is not attached (fettered) to the object or object is not attached (fettered) to the eye. Same applies to other senses too. If these two are attached we have no chance of getting out of this samsara. This fetter is the craving (Figure 1). This is well explained in the Kotthita Sutta. Also see a old post related to this sutta called "Why are these two boots tied together".


We can now examine the craving in the mind works model. All these things happen in the mind in relation to the six senses and craving is present at every step. In the mind works model these steps are expanded as a flow chart to include all six senses and how it connects to the dependent origination is shown so that we understand this process more clearly. The red box on craving in the original mind works model is not shown here and is replaced by a large red star to indicate that this is this craving that applies in all these steps (Figure 2). The steps where craving arises and dwells are marked with small red stars.

Now next step is to consider where craving is abandoned. They are the same places where they arise and dwells. Please read the passage below.

2. Where is craving abandoned?

Where, when being abandoned, is this craving abandoned? And where, when ceasing, does it cease? Whatever is endearing & alluring in terms of the world: that is where, when being abandoned, this craving is abandoned. That is where, when ceasing, it ceases.

"And what is endearing & alluring in terms of the world? The eye is endearing & alluring in terms of the world. That is where, when being abandoned, this craving is abandoned. That is where, when ceasing, it ceases.

"The ear... The nose... The tongue... The body... The intellect...

"Forms... Sounds... Smells... Tastes... Tactile sensations... Ideas...

"Eye-consciousness... Ear-consciousness... Nose-consciousness... Tongue-consciousness... Body-consciousness... Intellect-consciousness...

"Eye-contact... Ear-contact... Nose-contact... Tongue-contact... Body-contact... Intellect-contact...

"Feeling born of eye-contact... Feeling born of ear-contact... Feeling born of nose-contact... Feeling born of tongue-contact... Feeling born of body-contact... Feeling born of intellect-contact...

"Perception of forms... Perception of sounds... Perception of smells... Perception of tastes... Perception of tactile sensations... Perception of ideas...

"Intention for forms... Intention for sounds... Intention for smells... Intention for tastes... Intention for tactile sensations... Intention for ideas...

"Craving for forms... Craving for sounds... Craving for smells... Craving for tastes... Craving for tactile sensations... Craving for ideas...

"Thought directed* at forms... Thought directed at sounds... Thought directed at smells... Thought directed at tastes... Thought directed at tactile sensations... Thought directed at ideas...

"Evaluation** of forms... Evaluation of sounds... Evaluation of smells... Evaluation of tastes... Evaluation of tactile sensations... Evaluation of ideas is endearing & alluring in terms of the world. That is where, when being abandoned, this craving is abandoned. That is where, when ceasing, it ceases.

"This is called the noble truth of the cessation of stress."

The Figure 3 shows the possible points of action that can be applied to this model (as shown in other posts). The Foundations of Mindfulness: (Satipatthana Sutta), the contemplation of the body (kayanupassana), feeling (vedananupassana), mind (cittanupassana), and mental objects (dhammanupassana) which is shown in yellow bubbles in the flow chart (Figure 2), is the training that will enable us to see things clearly. With wise attention (Yoniso manasikara), we can now contemplate onThe Three Characteristics (ti-lakkha.na), Impermanence (Anicca),Suffering or Unsatisfactoriness (dukkha) and Not-self or Insubstantiality (anattaa) and this is the is final common pathway of contemplation of insight. The craving is completely destroyed by by insight or vipassana meditation.

Craving can be seen more clearly at the points of the sensory objects, contacts, the five aggregates. This is why in insight meditation we work on the initial part of the model to get rid of craving. Wise attention is very important here. As the craving gets into stages of applied and sustained thoughts and especially mental/conceptual proliferation (about the past present and the future) it will be hard to recognize it and deal with it (see Figure 1).

Please note:
Form is used in the sutta instead of object in the model
Intellect is used in the sutta instead of the mind in the model
Ideas are used in the sutta instead of mental objects model

* Thought directed:This is applied and sustained thought according to the model.
**Evaluation This is mental proliferation (past, present and the future) according to the model.


Thursday, November 4, 2010

What is the origination and the ending of the "World"?

Figure 1


Figure 2 (model #1)


Figure 3 (model #2)



Today I found an excellent sutta that supports our "mind works" model.

This is how the sutta starts:

Buddha:

"I will teach you the origination of the world & the ending of the world.

1. "What is the origination of the world?"

Dependent on the eye & (object)forms there arises eye-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact. From contact as a requisite condition comes feeling. From feeling as a requisite condition comes craving. From craving as a requisite condition comes clinging/sustenance. From clinging/sustenance as a requisite condition comes becoming. From becoming as a requisite condition comes birth. From birth as a requisite condition, then aging & death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair come into play. This is the origination of the world.

The same applies to other senses too...

"Dependent on the ear & sounds there arises ear-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact... Dependent on the nose & aromas there arises nose-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact... Dependent on the tongue & flavors there arises tongue-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact... Dependent on the body & tactile sensations there arises body-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact... Dependent on the intellect & mental qualities there arises intellect-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact. From contact as a requisite condition comes feeling. From feeling as a requisite condition comes craving. From craving as a requisite condition comes clinging/sustenance. From clinging/sustenance as a requisite condition comes becoming. From becoming as a requisite condition comes birth. From birth as a requisite condition, then aging & death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair come into play. This is the origination of the world.

This passage from the sutta basically confirms the vertical flow of our "mind works" model #1 in Figure 2. The unwise attention is an addition step I added on purpose to show the step where we go wrong and how we can fix it. The "world" here is referred to our six sensors (figure 1). It is not the physical world what we normally refer to as the world. Through the six senses we communicate with the connect external things around us. Therefore this is our sensory world. The Buddha sometimes called the six senses the "ALL".

Pleas read these posts to learn more about this:

When the eye meet an object...

Not seeing how the six senses work, we recycle ourselves in the samsara.

2. What is the ending of the world?

Dependent on the eye & forms there arises eye-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact. From contact as a requisite condition comes feeling. From feeling as a requisite condition comes craving. Now, from the remainder-less cessation & fading away of that very craving comes the cessation of clinging/sustenance. From the cessation of clinging/sustenance comes the cessation of becoming. From the cessation of becoming comes the cessation of birth. From the cessation of birth, then aging & death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair all cease. Such is the cessation of this entire mass of stress & suffering. This is the ending of the world.

The same applies to other senses too...

"Dependent on the ear & sounds there arises ear-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact... Dependent on the nose & aromas there arises nose-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact... Dependent on the tongue & flavors there arises tongue-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact... Dependent on the body & tactile sensations there arises body-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact... Dependent on the intellect & mental qualities there arises intellect-consciousness. The meeting of the three is contact. From contact as a requisite condition comes feeling. From feeling as a requisite condition comes craving. Now, from the remainder-less cessation & fading away of that very craving comes the cessation of clinging/sustenance. From the cessation of clinging/sustenance comes the cessation of becoming. From the cessation of becoming comes the cessation of birth. From the cessation of birth, then aging & death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair all cease. Such is the cessation of this entire mass of stress & suffering. This is the ending of the world."

The ending of the world mean no more birth. The end of suffering. The ultimate bliss. The Nirvana. No more birth of the six senses.

This passage from this sutta basically confirms the vertical flow of our "mind works" model Model#2 in Figure 3. The The Foundations of Mindfulness: (Satipatthana Sutta) , the contemplation of the body (kayanupassana), feeling (vedananupassana), mind (cittanupassana), and mental objects (dhammanupassana) which is shown in yellow bubbles in the flow chart (Figure 2), is the training and will enable us to see things clearly. With wise attention (Yoniso manasikara), an addition step I added in my model is to show the point of we can now contemplate on The Three Characteristics (ti-lakkha.na), Impermanence (Anicca), Suffering or Unsatisfactoriness (dukkha) and Not-self or Insubstantiality (anattaa) and this is the is final common pathway of contemplation of insight. The craving is completely destroyed by by insight or vipassana meditation.

To read the full sutta
Loka Sutta: The World
translated from the Pali by
Thanissaro Bhikkhu

Another sutta witha a similar theme:

Loka Sutta: The World